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Planner (programming language)
Planner (often seen in publications as "PLANNER" although it is not an acronym) is a programming language designed by Carl Hewitt at MIT, and first published in 1969. First, subsets such as Micro-Planner and Pico-Planner were implemented, and then essentially the whole language was implemented as ''Popler'' by Julian Davies at the University of Edinburgh in the POP-2 programming language.〔Carl Hewitt (Middle History of Logic Programming: Resolution, Planner, Prolog and the Japanese Fifth Generation Project ) ArXiv 2009. (PDF )〕 Derivations such as QA4, Conniver, QLISP and Ether (see Scientific Community Metaphor) were important tools in Artificial Intelligence research in the 1970s, which influenced commercial developments such as KEE and ART.
==Procedural approach versus logical approach==
The two major paradigms for constructing semantic software systems were procedural and logical. The procedural paradigm was epitomized by
Lisp (''et al.'' 1962 ) which featured recursive procedures that operated on list structures.
The logical paradigm was epitomized by uniform proof procedure resolution theorem provers (1965 ). According to the logical paradigm it was “cheating” to incorporate procedural knowledge (1969 ).
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